镧(La)
"Lanthanum" This element was named in 1839, was a man named "Mo Sangde," the Swede found ceria contains other elements, he borrowed Greek "hidden" word to this element named " lanthanum". Since then, he has been on the stage of history.
Lanthanum is widely used, as applied to a piezoelectric material, electric materials, thermoelectric materials, magnetoresistive materials, luminescent materials (blue powder), hydrogen storage materials, optical glass, laser materials, various alloy materials. She is also used in the preparation of many organic chemical products, light conversion agricultural film is also used in the sputum, in foreign countries, scientists put the role of cockroaches on the crop to give the "super calcium" reputation.
铈(Ce)
The element "铈" was discovered and named by the German Claupros, the Swedish Usbizzi and the Greeks in 1803, to commemorate the asteroid, Ceres, discovered in 1801.铈 is widely used in:
1. As a glass additive, bismuth absorbs ultraviolet light and infrared rays and has been widely used in automotive glass. It not only protects against UV rays, but also reduces the temperature inside the car, thus saving air conditioning power. Since 1997, Japanese auto glass has been added to yttrium oxide. In 1996, at least 2,000 tons of yttrium oxide was used for automotive glass, and about 1,000 tons in the United States.
2. At present, the ruthenium is being applied to the automobile exhaust gas purification catalyst, which can effectively prevent a large amount of automobile exhaust gas from being discharged into the air. US consumption in this area accounts for more than one-third of total rare earth consumption.
3, strontium sulfide can replace lead , cadmium and other metals harmful to the environment and humans to the pigment, can be colored for plastics, but also used in coatings, inks and paper industries. Currently leading is the French company Rhône Planck.
4. The Ce:LiSAF laser system is a solid-state laser developed in the United States. It can be used to probe biological weapons by monitoring the concentration of tryptophan, and can also be used in medicine.铈The application field is very extensive, and almost all rare earth applications contain bismuth. Such as polishing powder, hydrogen storage materials, thermoelectric materials, tantalum tungsten electrodes, ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, silicon carbide abrasives, fuel cell raw materials, gasoline catalysts, some permanent magnet materials, various alloy steels and non-ferrous metals.
镨(Pr)
About 160 years ago, Swede Mo Sangde discovered a new element from lanthanum, but it is not a single element, Mo Sangde discover the nature of such elements and lanthanum are very similar, they put their named "Pr-Nd" . "镨钕" Greek is the meaning of "twin". After more than 40 years, invented the steam lamp cover in 1885, the Austrian Wellsbach successfully separated two elements from the "镨钕", one named "钕" and the other named "praseodymium". This "twin" is separated, and the element of 镨 also has its own vast world of talent.
Niobium is a relatively large amount of rare earth elements, which are mainly used in glass, ceramics and magnetic materials.
1. It is widely used in architectural ceramics and daily-use ceramics. It is mixed with ceramic glaze to make color glaze. It can also be used as glaze under the pigment alone. The pigment is light yellow and the color is pure and elegant.
2. Used to make permanent magnets. The use of inexpensive base metals instead of pure base metals for the manufacture of permanent magnet materials has significantly improved oxygen and mechanical properties and can be processed into magnets of various shapes. Widely used in a variety of electronic devices and motors.
3. Used for catalytic cracking of petroleum . The preparation of a petroleum cracking catalyst by adding a Y-type zeolite molecular sieve in the form of a ruthenium-rich concentrate can improve the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalyst. China began to use industrial use in the 1970s, and its usage has been increasing.
4, 镨 can also be used for abrasive polishing. In addition, the use of germanium in the field of fiber is also becoming more widespread.
é’•(Nd)
With the birth of bismuth elements, bismuth elements have emerged. The arrival of bismuth elements has activated the rare earth field and played an important role in the field of rare earths.
With its unique position in the field of rare earths, niobium has become a hot spot in the market for many years. Neodymium is the largest user of neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet materials. The advent of NdFeB permanent magnets has injected new vitality and vitality into the high-tech field of rare earths. NdFeB magnets have a high magnetic energy product and are called the “king of permanent magnetsâ€. They are widely used in electronics and machinery industries for their excellent performance. The successful development of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer indicates that the magnetic properties of NdFeB magnets in China have entered the world-class level.é’• is also used in non-ferrous materials. Adding an aluminum alloy or a magnesium 1.5 to 2.5% neodymium, can improve the high temperature properties of the alloy, airtightness and corrosion resistance, it is widely used as aerospace materials. In addition, the ytterbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet produces a short-wave laser beam, which is widely used in the industry for the welding and cutting of thin materials having a thickness of 10 mm or less. Medically, yttrium-aluminum garnet lasers are used instead of scalpels for removal surgery or disinfection of wounds. Tantalum is also used for the coloration of glass and ceramic materials as well as additives for rubber products. With the development of science and technology, the expansion and extension of the field of rare earth technology, the element of strontium will have a wider use of space.
é’·(Pm)
In 1947, JA Marinsky, LEGlendenin, and CECoryell successfully separated element 61 from uranium fuel used in nuclear reactors, using the name of the Greek mythology. Prometheus is named Promethium.
äººé€ is an artificial radioactive element produced by a nuclear reactor. The main uses of cockroaches are:
1, can be used as a heat source. Provides auxiliary energy for vacuum detection and satellites.
2. Pm147 emits low-energy beta rays for the manufacture of tantalum batteries. As a power source for missile guidance instruments and watches. This type of battery is small and can be used continuously for several years. In addition, helium is also used in portable X-rays, in the preparation of phosphors, in the measurement of thickness and in beacon lights.
é’(Sm)
In 1879, Beuys package Dresser discovered a new rare earth element yttrium niobium ore from the resulting "praseodymium neodymium", the samarium and named based on the name of this ore.
Samarium pale yellow, raw material is samarium cobalt permanent magnets, the first magnet is a samarium cobalt rare earth magnets obtained in industrial applications. Such permanent magnets are of the SmCo 5 type and the Sm 2 Co 17 type . In the early 1970s, the SmCo 5 system was invented, and the Sm 2 Co17 system was invented later. Now it is based on the needs of the latter. The purity of cerium oxide used in samarium-cobalt magnets does not need to be too high, and from the viewpoint of cost, about 95% of products are mainly used. In addition, yttrium oxide is also used in ceramic capacitors and catalysts. In addition, niobium also has a nuclear nature, which can be used as a structural material for atomic energy reactors, screen materials and control materials to make nuclear fission generate huge energy for safe use.
é“•(Eu)
In 1901, De Makai (Eugene-Antole Demarcay) found a new element from the "SM", the name for the Eu (Europium). This is probably named after the word "Europe". Most of cerium oxide is used in phosphors. Eu3+ is used as an activator for red phosphors and Eu2+ is used for blue phosphors. Now Y2O2S: Eu3+ is the best phosphor for luminous efficiency, coating stability, and recycling cost. In addition, improvements in technologies such as improved luminous efficiency and contrast are being widely used. In recent years, cerium oxide has also been used in stimulated emission phosphors of new X-ray medical diagnostic systems. Cerium oxide can also be used to make colored lenses and optical filters for use in magnetic bubble storage devices, and can also be used in control materials, screen materials and structural materials for atomic reactors.
é’†(Gd)
In 1880, G. de Marignac of Switzerland separated the "é’" into two elements, one of which was confirmed by Sorit to be a bismuth element, and the other element was confirmed by the study of Pois Baudler. in 1886, Marignac in honor of the discoverer of the elements yttrium, rare earth research pioneer Dutch chemist Gadolin (Gado Linium), named this new element gadolinium.
é’† will play an important role in modern technological innovation. Its main uses are:
1. Its water-soluble paramagnetic complex can medically improve the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging signal of the human body.
2. Its sulfur oxide can be used as a special grid of oscilloscope tubes and x-ray screens.
3. The ruthenium in yttrium gallium garnet is an ideal single substrate for the magnetic bubble memory.
4. It can be used as a solid magnetic refrigeration medium when there is no Camot cycle limitation.
5. Used as an inhibitor to control the chain reaction level of nuclear power plants to ensure the safety of nuclear reactions.
6. Used as an additive for samarium-cobalt magnets to ensure that performance does not change with temperature. In addition, cerium oxide is used together with cerium to contribute to changes in the vitrification zone and to improve the thermal stability of the glass. Cerium oxide can also be used to make capacitors and X-ray intensifying screens.
In the world, efforts are being made to develop the application of niobium and its alloys in magnetic refrigeration, and breakthroughs have been made. Magnetic refrigerators using superconducting magnets, metal tantalum or alloys thereof as refrigerants have been available at room temperature.
铽(Tb)
In 1843, Karl G. Mosander of Sweden discovered Terbium through a study of bauxite. Most of the applications of 铽 involve high-tech fields, are technology-intensive, knowledge-intensive and cutting-edge projects, and are projects with significant economic benefits, which have attractive development prospects. The main application areas are:
1, the phosphor activator for the three primary colors of green phosphor powder, such as terbium activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix, terbium-activated cerium magnesium aluminate matrix are in the excited state Give a green light.
2. Magneto-optical storage materials. In recent years, lanthanide magneto-optical materials have reached the scale of mass production. Magneto-optical discs developed with Tb-Fe amorphous films are used as computer storage components, and the storage capacity is improved by 10 to 15 times.
3. Magneto-optical glass, Faraday-containing optical glass containing bismuth is a key material for the manufacture of rotators, isolators and circulators widely used in laser technology. Especially developed Terfenol alloy (TerFenol), but also opens up new uses terbium, Terfenol is a new material discovered in the 1970s, half of the alloy composition as terbium and dysprosium, holmium sometimes added, The rest is iron, which was first developed by the Arms Laboratory in Iowa, USA. When Terfenol is placed in a magnetic field, its dimensional change is greater than that of a typical magnetic material. This change allows some precision mechanical motion to be achieved. achieve. Neodymium iron is mainly used in sonar and has been widely used in various fields, from fuel injection systems, liquid valve control, micro-positioning to mechanical actuators, space telescope adjustment mechanisms and aircraft wing regulators.
é•(Dy)
In 1886, the Frenchman Pois Baudley succeeded in separating the cockroach into two elements, one still called é’¬, and the other named dysprosium according to the meaning of “hard to get†from é’¬.é• Currently playing an increasingly important role in many high-tech fields, the main uses of é• are:
1. As an additive for NdFeB permanent magnets, adding about 2 to 3% of yttrium to such a magnet can increase its coercive force. In the past, the demand for bismuth was not large, but with the demand for NdFeB magnets. The increase, it becomes a necessary addition element, the grade must be around 95% to 99.9%, and the demand is also increasing rapidly.
2. Lanthanum is used as a phosphor activator. Trivalent europium is a promising single-luminescence center three-primary luminescent material. It is mainly composed of two emission bands, one for yellow emission and the other for blue emission. The erbium-doped luminescent material can be used as a trichromatic phosphor.
3. Niobium is the necessary metal raw material for the preparation of the large magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol alloy, which enables the precise activities of some mechanical movements to be realized.
4. Base metal can be used as magneto-optical storage material with high recording speed and reading sensitivity.
5, for the preparation of Dy light, employed in the working substance is dysprosium iodide, dysprosium lamp, which lamp has high brightness, good color, high color temperature, small size, arc stability, etc., has been used in film, printing and the like Lighting source.
6. Because the lanthanum element has the characteristics of large neutron capture cross-sectional area, it is used in the atomic energy industry to determine the neutron energy spectrum or to be a neutron absorber.
7. Dy 3 Al 5 O 12 can also be used as a magnetic working substance for magnetic refrigeration. With the development of science and technology, the application fields of é• will continue to expand and extend.
é’¬(Ho)
In the second half of the 19th century, the discovery of the spectral analysis method and the publication of the periodic table, coupled with the progress of the electrochemical separation process of rare earth elements, further promoted the discovery of new rare earth elements. In 1879, the Swedish Cleve discovered the scorpion element and named it the holmium in Stockholm, Sweden.
The application field of bismuth has yet to be further developed, and the dosage is not very large. Recently, Baotou Steel Rare Earth Research Institute has adopted high temperature and high vacuum distillation purification technology to develop a high purity metal 钬Ho/ΣRE>99.9% with low non-rare earth impurity content. . The main uses of the current cockroaches are:
1, a metal halide as an additive, a metal halide lamp is a gas discharge lamp, which is developed on the basis of a high pressure mercury lamp which is filled with a variety of different characteristics of the rare earth halide in the lamp. At present, the main use of rare earth iodide is to emit different spectral light colors when the gas is discharged. The working substance used in the xenon lamp is cesium iodide, which can obtain a higher concentration of metal atoms in the arc region, thereby greatly improving the radiation efficiency.
2. It can be used as an additive for strontium iron or yttrium aluminum garnet.
3. Erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) can emit 2μm laser. The human tissue has a high absorption rate of 2μm laser, which is almost three orders of magnitude higher than Hd:YAG. Therefore, when the medical operation is performed with the Ho YAG laser, the surgical efficiency and accuracy can be improved, and the thermal damage area can be reduced to a smaller extent. The free beam produced by the ruthenium crystal eliminates fat without generating excessive heat, thereby reducing thermal damage to healthy tissue. It is reported that the treatment of glaucoma with holmium laser in the United States can reduce the pain of surgery. The level of 2μm laser crystals in China has reached the international level, and this laser crystal should be developed and produced.
4. In the magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D, a small amount of bismuth can also be added to reduce the external field required for the saturation magnetization of the alloy.
5. Optical fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, fiber optic sensors and other optical communication devices can be made with erbium-doped optical fibers. Today, fiber-optic communication will play a more important role.
é“’(Er)
In 1843, Sweden Mosang De discovered the element erbium (Erbium). The optical properties of cockroaches are very prominent and have always been a concern:
1. The light emission of Er 3+ at 1550 nm is of special significance because the wavelength is exactly at the lowest loss of the optical fiber of the fiber communication. The erbium ion (Er 3+ ) is excited by the light of 980 nm and 1480 nm, and the ground state is 4I15/ 2 transition to high energy state 4I13/2, when the high energy state Er3+ re-jumps back to the ground state, it emits light of 1550nm wavelength. The quartz fiber can transmit light of different wavelengths, but different light light decay rates are different, 1550nm frequency band The light has the lowest light attenuation rate (0.15 dB/km) when transmitted in a quartz fiber, which is almost the lower limit attenuation rate. Therefore, when fiber communication is used as signal light at 1550 nm, the light loss is minimal. In this way, if a proper concentration of germanium is incorporated into a suitable matrix, the amplifier can compensate for the loss in the communication system according to the laser principle. Therefore, in a telecommunications network that needs to amplify an optical signal with a wavelength of 1550 nm, the erbium-doped fiber amplifier must be indispensable. With few optics, current erbium-doped silica fiber amplifiers have been commercialized. It has been reported that in order to avoid useless absorption, the doping amount of germanium in the optical fiber is several tens to several hundreds of ppm. The rapid development of optical fiber communication will open up new fields of application.
2. The other erbium-doped laser crystal and its output of 1730nm laser and 1550nm laser are safe for human eyes, good atmospheric transmission performance, strong penetrating ability to the battlefield, good confidentiality, not easy to be detected by the enemy, illuminating the military The target has a large contrast ratio and has been made into a military-friendly portable laser range finder for human eyes.
3. Er 3+ can be made into rare earth glass laser material by adding it to glass. It is the solid laser material with the highest output pulse energy and the highest output power.
4. Er 3+ can also be used as an activated ion for rare earth upconversion laser materials.
5. Other enamels can also be applied to the discoloration and coloration of spectacle glass and crystallized glass.
é“¥(Tm)
The enamel element was discovered by Cliff in Sweden in 1879 and was named Thulium in the old name of Scandinavia.
The main uses of é“¥ are as follows:
1. It is used as a source of medical portable X-ray machine. After irradiation in a nuclear reactor, it produces an X-ray isotope that can be used to make a portable blood irradiator. This kind of radiometer can receive the é“¥-169. The role of the high neutron beam is changed to é“¥-170, which emits X-rays to illuminate the blood and lowers the white blood cells. It is these white blood cells that cause organ transplant rejection, thereby reducing the early rejection of the organs.
2, strontium element can also be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors, because it has a higher affinity for tumor tissue, heavy rare earth has greater affinity than light rare earth, especially with the highest affinity of strontium.
3, é“¥ in the X-ray intensifying screen with the activator LaOBr: Br (blue), to enhance the optical sensitivity, thus reducing the X-ray exposure and harm to humans, and the previous calcium tungstate sensitized screen The ratio can reduce the X-ray dose by 50%, which has important practical significance in medical applications.
4, é“¥ can also be used as additives in new lighting source metal halide lamps.
5, Tm 3 + can be added into the glass to make rare earth glass laser material, which is the solid laser material with the largest output pulse and the highest output power. Tm3+ can also be used as an activated ion for rare earth upconversion laser materials.
镱(Yb)
In 1878, Jean Charles and G. de Marignac discovered a new rare earth element in the "é“’", which was named Ytterbium by Ytterby.
The main uses of cockroaches are:
1. As a heat shielding coating material.镱 can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the electrodeposited zinc layer, and the ruthenium-containing coating is finer and more uniform than the ruthenium-free coating.
2. Used as a magnetostrictive material. This material has the property of being super magnetostrictive, that is, expanding in a magnetic field. The alloy is mainly composed of a lanthanum/ferrite alloy and a lanthanum/ferrite alloy, and a certain proportion of manganese is added to produce supermagnetism.
3. The helium element used to measure the pressure. The test proves that the helium element has high sensitivity in the calibration pressure range, and at the same time opens up a new way for the pressure measurement application.
4, resin-based filler molar cavity, commonly used in the past to replace amalgam.
5. Japanese scholars successfully completed the preparation of erbium-doped gallium garnet embedded line waveguide lasers. The completion of this work is of great significance for the further development of laser technology. In addition, germanium is also used in phosphor activators, radio ceramics, electronic computer memory elements (magnetic bubble) additives, and glass fiber fluxes, as well as optical glass additives.
é•¥(Lu)
In 1907, Welsbach and G. Urbain each conducted a study, and a new element was discovered from the "镱" by different separation methods. Wellsbach named the element Cp (Cassiopeium). ), Yubane named it Lu (Lutetium) according to Paris's old name lutece. Later, it was found that Cp and Lu are the same element, and they are collectively called 镥 .
The main uses of cockroaches are:
1. Manufacture of certain special alloys. For example, bismuth aluminum alloy can be used for neutron activation analysis.
2. Stable deuterons play a catalytic role in petroleum cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation and polymerization.
3. Adding elements of strontium iron or yttrium aluminum garnet to improve certain properties.
4. Raw materials for the bubble reservoir.
5. A composite functional crystal doped yttrium aluminum tetraborate, which belongs to the technical field of cooling and growing crystals in salt solution. Experiments show that yttrium-doped NYAB crystals are superior to NYAB crystals in terms of optical uniformity and laser performance.
6. Studies by foreign authorities have found that germanium has potential applications in electrochromic displays and low-dimensional molecular semiconductors. In addition, é•¥ is also used in energy battery technology and phosphor activators.
é’‡(Y)
In 1788, a Swedish amateur who studied chemistry and mineralogy and collected ore, Karl Arrhenius, found the appearance of asphalt and in the village of Ytterby outside Stockholm Bay. The black mineral like coal is named Ytterbite according to the local place name. In 1794, the Finnish chemist John Gadolin analyzed the samples of the Itte mine. Found that addition of beryllium, silicon, iron oxide, further comprising an oxide date "new soil" about 38% of unknown elements. In 1797, the Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf Ekeberg confirmed this "new soil", named after the earthworm (Yttria, the meaning of bismuth oxide).
Tantalum is a versatile metal used primarily for:
1. Additives for steel and non-ferrous alloys. FeCr alloys usually contain 0.5% to 4% bismuth. é’‡ can enhance the oxidation resistance and ductility of these stainless steels. After adding an appropriate amount of lanthanum-rich rare earth in MB 26 alloy, the comprehensive properties of the alloy are obviously improved. Strong aluminum alloy is used on the force-receiving components of the aircraft; adding a small amount of rare earth-rich rare earth to the Al-Zr alloy can improve the electrical conductivity of the alloy; the alloy has been adopted by most domestic wire factories; adding bismuth to the copper alloy has improved Electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
2. Silicon nitride ceramic materials containing é’‡6% and 2% aluminum can be used to develop engine parts.
3. Drilling, cutting and welding mechanical processing of large components with a 400 watt yttrium aluminum garnet laser beam.
4. The electron microscope fluorescent screen composed of Y-Al garnet single crystal wafer has high fluorescence brightness, low absorption of scattered light, good anti-high temperature and mechanical wear resistance.
5. 90% high sorghum structural alloy, which can be used in aviation and other applications where low density and high melting point are required.
6. The high-temperature proton conductive material of erbium-doped SrZrO 3 , which has received much attention, is of great significance to the production of fuel cells, electrolytic cells and gas sensors requiring high hydrogen solubility. In addition, niobium is also used in high temperature spray materials, thinners for nuclear reactor fuels, permanent magnet material additives, and getter in the electronics industry.
é’ª (Sc)
In 1879, Swedish chemistry professors LFNilson (1840–1899) and Clive (PTCeve, 1840–1905) found a new element in rare mineral silicon germanium and black gold mines. They named the element "Scandium" (钪), which is the "boron-like" element that Mendeleev had predicted. Their findings once again prove the correctness of the periodic law of the elements and the foresight of Mendeleev.
Compared with lanthanum and actinides, cesium has a particularly small ionic radius, and the alkalinity of hydroxides is particularly weak. Therefore, when cerium and rare earth elements are mixed together, they are treated with ammonia (or very rare alkali). Precipitation, so it is relatively easy to separate it from rare earth elements by applying the "staged precipitation" method. Another method is to use the fractional decomposition of nitrate for separation, since cerium nitrate is most easily decomposed to achieve the purpose of separation.
The metal ruthenium can be obtained by electrolysis. When smelting, ScCl 3 , KCl and LiCl are eutectic, and the molten zinc is used as a cathode for electrolysis, so that cerium is precipitated on the zinc electrode, and then the zinc is distilled off to obtain a metal ruthenium. . Further, the production of scandium easy recovery of uranium, thorium and the lanthanides in the processing of ore. Tungsten, tin ore important source of comprehensive recovery of scandium scandium is associated.
The ruthenium is mainly in the trivalent state in the compound, and is easily oxidized to Sc 2 O 3 in the air to lose the metallic luster to become dark gray.
It can release hydrogen with hot water and is also soluble in acid. It is a strong reducing agent.
The oxides and hydroxides of cerium are only alkaline, but their salt ash is hardly hydrolyzed. The chloride of bismuth is white crystal, soluble in water and deliquescent in the air.
In the metallurgical industry, niobium is commonly used in the manufacture of alloys (alloys of alloys) to improve the strength, hardness and heat resistance and properties of the alloy. For example, adding a small amount of bismuth in molten iron can significantly improve the performance of cast iron, and a small amount of bismuth can be added to aluminum to improve its strength and heat resistance.
In the electronics industry, germanium can be used as a semiconductor device. For example, the application of bismuth sulfite in semiconductors has attracted attention at home and abroad. Ferrite containing germanium is also promising in computer cores.
In the chemical industry, ruthenium compounds are used as alcohol dehydrogenation and dehydrating agents to produce ethylene and high-efficiency catalysts for producing chlorine from waste hydrochloric acid.
In the glass industry, special glass containing niobium can be produced.
In the electric light source industry, sodium xenon lamps made of barium and sodium have the advantages of high efficiency and positive color.
In nature, the sputum is in the form of 45Sc. In addition, there are nine radioisotopes, namely 40-44Sc and 46-49Sc. Among them, 46Sc is used as a tracer and has been used in chemical, metallurgical and oceanographic fields. In medicine, there are still people studying abroad to use 46Sc to treat cancer. The nature and use of cockroaches.
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