The development of photonic instrumentation in China is strange: they have no quality, but they have momentum. This allows researchers to use photons to achieve non-traditional things, such as using photons to push around the material.
Recently, a group of chemical scientists, led by Gordon Shaw, a chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology's National Institute of Standards and Technology's Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML), have used this feature to develop devices that can measure tiny forces that are currently missing. Corresponding technology.
"For these very small forces, there is very little corresponding reference," Shaw said. "This is an attempt and gains the results of these studies."
Shaw's "small" means that it is very small. The international unit of force is Newton. A Newton is equivalent to the weight of a regular-sized apple. The experimental group is studying the measurement of very small forces, which are approximately a few micronewtons of force (10e-6, one millionth of a newton) and 15 flying newtons (10e-15, one trillionth of a billion newtons). This is equivalent to atomic level interaction forces. A Pi Newton (10e-12) "can stretch a DNA molecule," Shaw said.
The team of physical measurement labs is currently developing two types of force measuring devices that use lasers to reliably create smaller forces. The first is a chip-sized sensor that can use microwatts to milliwatts of light. The second is a properly designed 1-watt laser desktop device, but it has the potential to be successfully developed for tens of kilowatt lasers.
The ultimate commercial use may include sensors, using lasers as a built-in reference, allowing scientists to ensure that their equipment really has the ability to measure forces correctly. However, the potential application is not a measurement of force, but it can also be made into a cheap portable field balance, which can perform real-time measurement of one milligram or less of matter, or a compact laser power meter for real-time measurements.
The chip-size balance was developed by the research team as two dynamometers, the smaller one being a chip-sized sensor made of quartz glass. It consists of a small cantilever, a miniature diving board, and a length of no more than 1 cm. The greater the force, the greater the cantilever movement. A built-in interferometer acts as a motion sensor.
Pushing the diving board physically is one way to measure force. But researchers also need to measure the sensitivity of their sensors. The best way to measure sensitivity is to apply a well-known force to the cantilever and see how the interferometer measures it.
To manipulate the cantilever using light, they are equipped with a highly reflective surface, a gold-coated surface that reflects the light on the fiber. When this light hits the surface of the gold, its momentum is transferred to the cantilever and the cantilever begins to vibrate.
"You can refer to imagine a tuning fork. After you hit it, it will vibrate at a specific frequency or a specific tone. This is the same situation," Shaw explained.
They found that if the laser is reflected from the surface, there is a relatively simple way to calculate the force based on the laser power. The higher the power, the more photons are generated and the greater the force generated.
In addition, due to the almost instantaneous change in the resonant frequency of the cantilever, if an object is placed on it, this mechanism can also be used as a very sensitive balance, especially for those that are very valuable or dangerous article. For example, jewelers can use it as a cheaper alternative to measuring and pricing gems. It can even be used as a disposable tool in a portable field to measure samples of hazardous substances.
Based on this design change can also be used to improve the calibration of the atomic force microscope, and even for measuring the laser power. Unlike the current “gold standard†method for measuring laser power—a low-temperature radiometer—a chip-based laser power meter can be used in real time at room temperature.
"Most laser power meters work by absorbing light. After the light shines on a laser power meter, it is gone," Shaw said. "With such a method, light is reflected and you can still use it."
Single Photon Force But even at the low laser power levels used today—just one millionth of a watt, the laser still contains a lot of photons. In the future, Shaw said he hopes to develop a force measurement device that can use single photon detection. The reason is that integers have no uncertainty; if you calculate a single photon, and you know how much force each photon produces, then you can calculate the force.
"This may be the most accurate way to measure force now, if we can calculate it accurately," Shaw said.
The program will need to measure zeustonian force (10e-21), which is equivalent to 100 million photons per second "which is also an innumerable quantity," Shaw said. However, he explained that they have not yet progressed there. This will take some time.
First, they must figure out how to cool the single photon force sensor to a fraction of absolute zero, which requires a cryostat. However, when they learned about the way the hardware works, a typical cryostat would generate too much vibration and interfere with such an accurate measurement, which is 10,000 times greater than they can accept.
When they were ready to test their prototypes in a new, non-vibrating cryostat, they were designed to transform the vibration problem into a different problem that could be solved.
"We were able to use our force sensor as an accelerometer, which allowed us to measure how much vibration the cryostat produced," Shaw said. "This is a method of in-situ vibration testing, which is difficult to measure using traditional methods."
Electrostatic balance Finally, the team is trying to use the force generated by higher laser power experiments, which can be as high as tens of kilowatts, like those used in industrial applications such as welding and cutting metal lasers.
This experiment, currently designed as a 1 watt laser, uses a desktop device called an electric balance (EFB). Just like its chip-size approximation, EFB relies on high mirrors and lasers to create a measurable force. Instead of using an interferometer, the EFB uses a capacitor to measure the electrostatic force. It is a panel of two concentric cylinders. In a vacuum, the researchers reflect a 1 watt laser from the mirror and measure the force with a capacitor.
As a smaller laser sensor, the laser used in these measurements is not lost. It leaves the mirror and can theoretically be used directly in the factory's laser process.
Even for those high-power laser beams, the resulting force is "really, really small," Shaw said. "I don't have a 1 watt laser to correspond to Newton. If you separate the diatomic atoms, you need a few newtons of force (10e-9)."
Shaw said that it is exciting to be able to use a basic physical principle to accurately measure force. The laser power is in such a large range, from the milligram magnitude of the object to the interaction between atoms. "Because it is still in the basic research stage, there will be a small space for developing new methods, and we need to think differently in different ways," Shaw said.
(Original title: Scientists have discovered new uses of lasers to measure micro-forces)
Recently, a group of chemical scientists, led by Gordon Shaw, a chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology's National Institute of Standards and Technology's Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML), have used this feature to develop devices that can measure tiny forces that are currently missing. Corresponding technology.
"For these very small forces, there is very little corresponding reference," Shaw said. "This is an attempt and gains the results of these studies."
Shaw's "small" means that it is very small. The international unit of force is Newton. A Newton is equivalent to the weight of a regular-sized apple. The experimental group is studying the measurement of very small forces, which are approximately a few micronewtons of force (10e-6, one millionth of a newton) and 15 flying newtons (10e-15, one trillionth of a billion newtons). This is equivalent to atomic level interaction forces. A Pi Newton (10e-12) "can stretch a DNA molecule," Shaw said.
The team of physical measurement labs is currently developing two types of force measuring devices that use lasers to reliably create smaller forces. The first is a chip-sized sensor that can use microwatts to milliwatts of light. The second is a properly designed 1-watt laser desktop device, but it has the potential to be successfully developed for tens of kilowatt lasers.
The ultimate commercial use may include sensors, using lasers as a built-in reference, allowing scientists to ensure that their equipment really has the ability to measure forces correctly. However, the potential application is not a measurement of force, but it can also be made into a cheap portable field balance, which can perform real-time measurement of one milligram or less of matter, or a compact laser power meter for real-time measurements.
The chip-size balance was developed by the research team as two dynamometers, the smaller one being a chip-sized sensor made of quartz glass. It consists of a small cantilever, a miniature diving board, and a length of no more than 1 cm. The greater the force, the greater the cantilever movement. A built-in interferometer acts as a motion sensor.
Pushing the diving board physically is one way to measure force. But researchers also need to measure the sensitivity of their sensors. The best way to measure sensitivity is to apply a well-known force to the cantilever and see how the interferometer measures it.
To manipulate the cantilever using light, they are equipped with a highly reflective surface, a gold-coated surface that reflects the light on the fiber. When this light hits the surface of the gold, its momentum is transferred to the cantilever and the cantilever begins to vibrate.
"You can refer to imagine a tuning fork. After you hit it, it will vibrate at a specific frequency or a specific tone. This is the same situation," Shaw explained.
They found that if the laser is reflected from the surface, there is a relatively simple way to calculate the force based on the laser power. The higher the power, the more photons are generated and the greater the force generated.
In addition, due to the almost instantaneous change in the resonant frequency of the cantilever, if an object is placed on it, this mechanism can also be used as a very sensitive balance, especially for those that are very valuable or dangerous article. For example, jewelers can use it as a cheaper alternative to measuring and pricing gems. It can even be used as a disposable tool in a portable field to measure samples of hazardous substances.
Based on this design change can also be used to improve the calibration of the atomic force microscope, and even for measuring the laser power. Unlike the current “gold standard†method for measuring laser power—a low-temperature radiometer—a chip-based laser power meter can be used in real time at room temperature.
"Most laser power meters work by absorbing light. After the light shines on a laser power meter, it is gone," Shaw said. "With such a method, light is reflected and you can still use it."
Single Photon Force But even at the low laser power levels used today—just one millionth of a watt, the laser still contains a lot of photons. In the future, Shaw said he hopes to develop a force measurement device that can use single photon detection. The reason is that integers have no uncertainty; if you calculate a single photon, and you know how much force each photon produces, then you can calculate the force.
"This may be the most accurate way to measure force now, if we can calculate it accurately," Shaw said.
The program will need to measure zeustonian force (10e-21), which is equivalent to 100 million photons per second "which is also an innumerable quantity," Shaw said. However, he explained that they have not yet progressed there. This will take some time.
First, they must figure out how to cool the single photon force sensor to a fraction of absolute zero, which requires a cryostat. However, when they learned about the way the hardware works, a typical cryostat would generate too much vibration and interfere with such an accurate measurement, which is 10,000 times greater than they can accept.
When they were ready to test their prototypes in a new, non-vibrating cryostat, they were designed to transform the vibration problem into a different problem that could be solved.
"We were able to use our force sensor as an accelerometer, which allowed us to measure how much vibration the cryostat produced," Shaw said. "This is a method of in-situ vibration testing, which is difficult to measure using traditional methods."
Electrostatic balance Finally, the team is trying to use the force generated by higher laser power experiments, which can be as high as tens of kilowatts, like those used in industrial applications such as welding and cutting metal lasers.
This experiment, currently designed as a 1 watt laser, uses a desktop device called an electric balance (EFB). Just like its chip-size approximation, EFB relies on high mirrors and lasers to create a measurable force. Instead of using an interferometer, the EFB uses a capacitor to measure the electrostatic force. It is a panel of two concentric cylinders. In a vacuum, the researchers reflect a 1 watt laser from the mirror and measure the force with a capacitor.
As a smaller laser sensor, the laser used in these measurements is not lost. It leaves the mirror and can theoretically be used directly in the factory's laser process.
Even for those high-power laser beams, the resulting force is "really, really small," Shaw said. "I don't have a 1 watt laser to correspond to Newton. If you separate the diatomic atoms, you need a few newtons of force (10e-9)."
Shaw said that it is exciting to be able to use a basic physical principle to accurately measure force. The laser power is in such a large range, from the milligram magnitude of the object to the interaction between atoms. "Because it is still in the basic research stage, there will be a small space for developing new methods, and we need to think differently in different ways," Shaw said.
(Original title: Scientists have discovered new uses of lasers to measure micro-forces)
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