Modern science and technology and economic history show that the emergence of each new technology and the formation of new industries are based on the development of new materials and industries. For example, the prelude to the era of electronics and the industrialization of single crystal silicon materials. The new materials industry has penetrated into all areas of the national economy, national defense construction, and social life. It is the foundation of a large number of high-tech industries.
New materials refer to recently developed materials with excellent performance. China's "863 Plan" and "Torch Plan" have given great attention to the development of new material technologies.
The electronics and information industry has mass-produced 4-inch, 5-inch, and 6-inch monocrystalline silicon wafers. Beijing Nonferrous Metal Research Institute has pulled out 12-inch silicon single crystals with world advanced level. Ningxia Nonferrous Metals Smelter produces a large quantity of high quality niobium powder, which is said to be the world's third-best process in the field of coffin processing. The porcelain powder industry has come from behind and can be used as a substitute for imports in terms of price and performance. Precious metal electronic pastes, electrical contact materials, rare earth luminescent materials, light emitting diode materials, liquid display materials, optical fiber materials, and artificial transistors have all achieved significant development.
Energy and environmental materials need more breakthrough energy materials can be divided into energy-saving materials and energy storage materials. Nickel-metal hydride batteries and related materials industries have been formed in our country, and 27 patents have been obtained. Some products have entered the international market, but there is still a gap with Japan and we must strive to catch up. Lithium-ion batteries are mainly used in the communications field, and the demand will increase year by year. China still needs further development. Alkaline fuel cells are used in aerospace, submarines and underwater robots and have yet to be further developed. The prospects for the development of fuel cells for automobiles are very good, but we must also work hard to make them mature. Environmental materials are interdisciplinary materials that emerged in the 1990s, such as pure natural materials, bionic materials (artificial bones, artificial organs), green packaging materials (bags and containers), ecological materials (nontoxic decoration materials), and environmental degradation materials. (Molecular Sieves, Ion Sieves), Environmental Alternatives (Phosphorus-Free Laundry Aids), These materials industries are all emerging and are increasingly valued, based on sustainable development strategies, with a view to achieving greater breakthroughs.
The market demand for high-performance structural materials is still very large. China has become a major steel producer in the world. With the needs of economic and national defense construction, the development of new steel materials with considerable scale centered on companies, research institutes, and institutions of higher learning has been established. Production capacity, with a group of academicians, professors, senior engineers as the core of the expert team. Low-alloy steel accounts for more than 20% of the total output of steel and makes important contributions to the shipping industry, petroleum, aviation, aerospace, and military industries. The structure of steel products is being adjusted in accordance with market demand. The proportion of stainless steel, bearing steel, die steel, alloy structural steel, spring steel and high-speed tool steel is increasing steadily and gradually replacing imports. Superalloys are key materials for high-temperature parts of aerospace engines. For more than 40 years, the high-temperature alloy industry has made remarkable achievements. Over a hundred kinds of high-energy alloys with the same properties have been successfully developed and become one of the four countries in the world with high-temperature alloy systems, ensuring the need for the production and development of aviation and aerospace engines. It also meets civil needs such as automobiles, glass, metallurgy, and petrochemicals, but the market demand remains large.
The scale of non-ferrous metal structural materials needs to be further expanded to refer to light genuses other than steel (aluminum, magnesium, and their alloys), heavy metals (I, zinc, lead, nickel, and their alloys), and rare metals (gold, silver, platinum, and their alloys). In addition, there are rare earth metals, which are indispensable materials for the automobile, construction, machinery and electronics, telecommunications, electric power, national defense and other industrial sectors. Since the reform and opening up, China’s non-ferrous metals have achieved extraordinary development and formed an excellent Non-ferrous metal R&D team's huge industry, we have been able to mass produce cans and strips, high-grade capacitor layers, high-grade medicine, high elasticity diving board, runway board, helicopter hollow rotor beam, thickness tolerance of 5 micron heavy metal strip And the "two bombs and one star" of various rare metal materials, but the scale still needs further development.
Low polymer structure and composite material output Low engineering plastic materials with light weight, good chemical stability, excellent mechanical, heat resistance, corrosion resistance and insulation properties. In general, the gap between engineering plastics (14585, 20.00, 0.14%, bar) and foreign countries is very large. It is characterized by small scale, backward technology, low technical level, poor product quality, few varieties, high material consumption, and low output. 1997 The total product is less than 20,000 tons. General plastics are widely used and have broad prospects for development. Synthetic rubber (24610, 715.00, 2.99%, bar) has an annual output of about 1 million tons. There is a problem of single varieties, backward technology, and poor quality. Composite materials are composed of metal or non-metal materials and organic polymers through a composite process, and are widely used in aviation, aerospace, various vehicles, energy, machinery, electronics, sports and other fields. Carbon fiber and carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites are advanced composite materials. China's annual production capacity is about 1,000 tons, which needs further development.
The research and development of new functional materials is that short plates such as magnetic materials, diamond films, and functional polymer materials have all formed industries in China, but they are not large in scale and need further research and development. The automobile industry is one of China's pillar industries. A car has tens of thousands of parts, such as automotive steel, nonferrous metals, powder metallurgy, automotive non-metallic materials, fiber reinforced plastics, friction materials, safety glass, deep bending laminated glass. In addition, automotive coatings and textiles are constantly required to introduce new products. With the gradual entry of cars into the home, it will become a large quantity of durable consumer goods, products continue to improve, and materials involved in a wide range. Therefore, the automotive materials industry must strengthen research and development in order to keep pace with the ever-changing demands of the car and the endless new requirements. At present, the shortcomings in domestic technology are not keeping pace with technological research and development.
Biomedical materials should vigorously develop biomedical materials are special functional materials that can diagnose, repair, replace, and induce regeneration of cells, tissues, and organs of the body. It also includes new materials in the field of medical devices. Therefore, it is directly related to humans. health. This market is characterized by the “big threeâ€: market demand, development potential and profit.
The United States announced that in 1995, the world market for biomedical materials and medical devices had a sales volume of US$120 billion, of which the United States had a market share of 42%, and its sales amounted to US$51 billion, equivalent to the annual output value of the US IC industry. One of the six major export industries in the United States. In recent years, the global medical device sales market has grown at a rate of 10%-15% annually. In 2000, the total sales volume is expected to exceed US$200 billion, of which 50% belong to the biomedical material industry. Calculated based on the material average sales of the material: Building materials category 0.1-1.2 US dollars per kilogram. Aerospace materials cost $100-$1200, while biomedical materials cost $120,000-$15 million. It can be seen that the added value is astonishingly high. Currently, foreign medical materials can be produced in China, such as orthopedics, stomatology, and cardiology. The vast majority of the materials required for the various organs have formed an industry, and many scientific research institutes have made major contributions.
Medical polymer materials have been able to make a part of the artificial organ division to replace the diseased organ. Disposable medical materials require a large variety and variety. A considerable part of the quality is still very poor, the output can not meet the requirements, but also need to import. Some of the better quality varieties have begun to enter the international market. Bioceramics and medical composites can be made into artificial joints, artificial bones, artificial roots, auditory ossicles, and middle ear drainage tubes. At present, China is embarking on an aging society. Treatment of geriatric diseases, organ treatment, surgery, and repairs are more and more urgent. Developing China's biomedical material industry is not only conducive to the development of advanced productive forces, but also to the fundamental interests of the broad masses of people.
New building materials should pay attention to energy-saving effects New building materials are the technical and material basis of modern construction team engineering. It includes new wall materials, new centrifugal seal materials, new thermal insulation materials and new decorative materials. Due to the relatively solid industrial foundation, new building materials are the fastest growing industrialization of many new materials and have formed a relatively complete industrial system. The key to future development is to research and develop various energy-saving, soil-saving, waste-recycling and multifunctional new-type wall materials, limit the production and use of hollow clay bricks, vigorously develop high-quality asphalt linoleum, and promote the use of high-molecular water-retention sheets and high quality. The waterproof coating, the development of elastic sealant, completely solve the housing leakage problem; vigorously develop advanced thermal insulation doors and windows; research and development of new types of building decoration materials to meet people's living room quality continues to improve the requirements.
Nano-materials should be industrialized to promote nanometer (nm, nanometer) technology refers to the nano-scale (1-100nm), through the manipulation of technology. It is a cross-cutting forefront ramp that emerged in the late 1980s. It expands people's understanding of the objective world, enabling people to fabricate materials, devices and machinery at the atomic and molecular level, leading to information, energy, the environment, Medical technology, biology, aviation, aerospace, defense, transportation, agriculture and other fields of technological revolution. At present, the sodium rice materials science, nanobiomedicine, nanomachines and other branches have been formed. Nanomaterials are nanometer-scale ultrafine particles and their aggregates, and materials composed of nanocrystallites, collectively referred to as nanomaterials. It has new physical and chemical properties that traditional materials do not possess. Nanomaterials must have two conditions, one on the nanoscale and the other on new physical and chemical properties.
Nanometers are super-sized units of matter, not names of matter. Therefore, nanotechnology is not an independent industry. It is embedded in many high-tech materials industries. Nanomaterials have two physical and chemical methods of preparation. The preparation, processing, manufacturing, and inspection of nanomaterials have brought about a series of innovations in the microcosm, which has brought about a major revolution in the material world of human society. According to statistics from abroad, the output value of nano-materials in 2000 was 375 billion U.S. dollars. German Ministry of Science and Technology predicts that the global nano market will reach US$1.44 trillion in 2010. Therefore, it attracted the attention of all countries in the world, formulated plans for them, and invested huge amounts of R&D funds.
China attaches great importance to nanotechnology, and has established the Northern Nano Research and Development Center with Beijing as the center and the Southern Nano Research and Development Center with Shanghai as the center. Many factories, schools, institutes, and a large number of scientists and engineers are actively involved in research and development. However, the development and promotion of nanotechnology still needs industry promotion.
New materials refer to recently developed materials with excellent performance. China's "863 Plan" and "Torch Plan" have given great attention to the development of new material technologies.
The electronics and information industry has mass-produced 4-inch, 5-inch, and 6-inch monocrystalline silicon wafers. Beijing Nonferrous Metal Research Institute has pulled out 12-inch silicon single crystals with world advanced level. Ningxia Nonferrous Metals Smelter produces a large quantity of high quality niobium powder, which is said to be the world's third-best process in the field of coffin processing. The porcelain powder industry has come from behind and can be used as a substitute for imports in terms of price and performance. Precious metal electronic pastes, electrical contact materials, rare earth luminescent materials, light emitting diode materials, liquid display materials, optical fiber materials, and artificial transistors have all achieved significant development.
Energy and environmental materials need more breakthrough energy materials can be divided into energy-saving materials and energy storage materials. Nickel-metal hydride batteries and related materials industries have been formed in our country, and 27 patents have been obtained. Some products have entered the international market, but there is still a gap with Japan and we must strive to catch up. Lithium-ion batteries are mainly used in the communications field, and the demand will increase year by year. China still needs further development. Alkaline fuel cells are used in aerospace, submarines and underwater robots and have yet to be further developed. The prospects for the development of fuel cells for automobiles are very good, but we must also work hard to make them mature. Environmental materials are interdisciplinary materials that emerged in the 1990s, such as pure natural materials, bionic materials (artificial bones, artificial organs), green packaging materials (bags and containers), ecological materials (nontoxic decoration materials), and environmental degradation materials. (Molecular Sieves, Ion Sieves), Environmental Alternatives (Phosphorus-Free Laundry Aids), These materials industries are all emerging and are increasingly valued, based on sustainable development strategies, with a view to achieving greater breakthroughs.
The market demand for high-performance structural materials is still very large. China has become a major steel producer in the world. With the needs of economic and national defense construction, the development of new steel materials with considerable scale centered on companies, research institutes, and institutions of higher learning has been established. Production capacity, with a group of academicians, professors, senior engineers as the core of the expert team. Low-alloy steel accounts for more than 20% of the total output of steel and makes important contributions to the shipping industry, petroleum, aviation, aerospace, and military industries. The structure of steel products is being adjusted in accordance with market demand. The proportion of stainless steel, bearing steel, die steel, alloy structural steel, spring steel and high-speed tool steel is increasing steadily and gradually replacing imports. Superalloys are key materials for high-temperature parts of aerospace engines. For more than 40 years, the high-temperature alloy industry has made remarkable achievements. Over a hundred kinds of high-energy alloys with the same properties have been successfully developed and become one of the four countries in the world with high-temperature alloy systems, ensuring the need for the production and development of aviation and aerospace engines. It also meets civil needs such as automobiles, glass, metallurgy, and petrochemicals, but the market demand remains large.
The scale of non-ferrous metal structural materials needs to be further expanded to refer to light genuses other than steel (aluminum, magnesium, and their alloys), heavy metals (I, zinc, lead, nickel, and their alloys), and rare metals (gold, silver, platinum, and their alloys). In addition, there are rare earth metals, which are indispensable materials for the automobile, construction, machinery and electronics, telecommunications, electric power, national defense and other industrial sectors. Since the reform and opening up, China’s non-ferrous metals have achieved extraordinary development and formed an excellent Non-ferrous metal R&D team's huge industry, we have been able to mass produce cans and strips, high-grade capacitor layers, high-grade medicine, high elasticity diving board, runway board, helicopter hollow rotor beam, thickness tolerance of 5 micron heavy metal strip And the "two bombs and one star" of various rare metal materials, but the scale still needs further development.
Low polymer structure and composite material output Low engineering plastic materials with light weight, good chemical stability, excellent mechanical, heat resistance, corrosion resistance and insulation properties. In general, the gap between engineering plastics (14585, 20.00, 0.14%, bar) and foreign countries is very large. It is characterized by small scale, backward technology, low technical level, poor product quality, few varieties, high material consumption, and low output. 1997 The total product is less than 20,000 tons. General plastics are widely used and have broad prospects for development. Synthetic rubber (24610, 715.00, 2.99%, bar) has an annual output of about 1 million tons. There is a problem of single varieties, backward technology, and poor quality. Composite materials are composed of metal or non-metal materials and organic polymers through a composite process, and are widely used in aviation, aerospace, various vehicles, energy, machinery, electronics, sports and other fields. Carbon fiber and carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites are advanced composite materials. China's annual production capacity is about 1,000 tons, which needs further development.
The research and development of new functional materials is that short plates such as magnetic materials, diamond films, and functional polymer materials have all formed industries in China, but they are not large in scale and need further research and development. The automobile industry is one of China's pillar industries. A car has tens of thousands of parts, such as automotive steel, nonferrous metals, powder metallurgy, automotive non-metallic materials, fiber reinforced plastics, friction materials, safety glass, deep bending laminated glass. In addition, automotive coatings and textiles are constantly required to introduce new products. With the gradual entry of cars into the home, it will become a large quantity of durable consumer goods, products continue to improve, and materials involved in a wide range. Therefore, the automotive materials industry must strengthen research and development in order to keep pace with the ever-changing demands of the car and the endless new requirements. At present, the shortcomings in domestic technology are not keeping pace with technological research and development.
Biomedical materials should vigorously develop biomedical materials are special functional materials that can diagnose, repair, replace, and induce regeneration of cells, tissues, and organs of the body. It also includes new materials in the field of medical devices. Therefore, it is directly related to humans. health. This market is characterized by the “big threeâ€: market demand, development potential and profit.
The United States announced that in 1995, the world market for biomedical materials and medical devices had a sales volume of US$120 billion, of which the United States had a market share of 42%, and its sales amounted to US$51 billion, equivalent to the annual output value of the US IC industry. One of the six major export industries in the United States. In recent years, the global medical device sales market has grown at a rate of 10%-15% annually. In 2000, the total sales volume is expected to exceed US$200 billion, of which 50% belong to the biomedical material industry. Calculated based on the material average sales of the material: Building materials category 0.1-1.2 US dollars per kilogram. Aerospace materials cost $100-$1200, while biomedical materials cost $120,000-$15 million. It can be seen that the added value is astonishingly high. Currently, foreign medical materials can be produced in China, such as orthopedics, stomatology, and cardiology. The vast majority of the materials required for the various organs have formed an industry, and many scientific research institutes have made major contributions.
Medical polymer materials have been able to make a part of the artificial organ division to replace the diseased organ. Disposable medical materials require a large variety and variety. A considerable part of the quality is still very poor, the output can not meet the requirements, but also need to import. Some of the better quality varieties have begun to enter the international market. Bioceramics and medical composites can be made into artificial joints, artificial bones, artificial roots, auditory ossicles, and middle ear drainage tubes. At present, China is embarking on an aging society. Treatment of geriatric diseases, organ treatment, surgery, and repairs are more and more urgent. Developing China's biomedical material industry is not only conducive to the development of advanced productive forces, but also to the fundamental interests of the broad masses of people.
New building materials should pay attention to energy-saving effects New building materials are the technical and material basis of modern construction team engineering. It includes new wall materials, new centrifugal seal materials, new thermal insulation materials and new decorative materials. Due to the relatively solid industrial foundation, new building materials are the fastest growing industrialization of many new materials and have formed a relatively complete industrial system. The key to future development is to research and develop various energy-saving, soil-saving, waste-recycling and multifunctional new-type wall materials, limit the production and use of hollow clay bricks, vigorously develop high-quality asphalt linoleum, and promote the use of high-molecular water-retention sheets and high quality. The waterproof coating, the development of elastic sealant, completely solve the housing leakage problem; vigorously develop advanced thermal insulation doors and windows; research and development of new types of building decoration materials to meet people's living room quality continues to improve the requirements.
Nano-materials should be industrialized to promote nanometer (nm, nanometer) technology refers to the nano-scale (1-100nm), through the manipulation of technology. It is a cross-cutting forefront ramp that emerged in the late 1980s. It expands people's understanding of the objective world, enabling people to fabricate materials, devices and machinery at the atomic and molecular level, leading to information, energy, the environment, Medical technology, biology, aviation, aerospace, defense, transportation, agriculture and other fields of technological revolution. At present, the sodium rice materials science, nanobiomedicine, nanomachines and other branches have been formed. Nanomaterials are nanometer-scale ultrafine particles and their aggregates, and materials composed of nanocrystallites, collectively referred to as nanomaterials. It has new physical and chemical properties that traditional materials do not possess. Nanomaterials must have two conditions, one on the nanoscale and the other on new physical and chemical properties.
Nanometers are super-sized units of matter, not names of matter. Therefore, nanotechnology is not an independent industry. It is embedded in many high-tech materials industries. Nanomaterials have two physical and chemical methods of preparation. The preparation, processing, manufacturing, and inspection of nanomaterials have brought about a series of innovations in the microcosm, which has brought about a major revolution in the material world of human society. According to statistics from abroad, the output value of nano-materials in 2000 was 375 billion U.S. dollars. German Ministry of Science and Technology predicts that the global nano market will reach US$1.44 trillion in 2010. Therefore, it attracted the attention of all countries in the world, formulated plans for them, and invested huge amounts of R&D funds.
China attaches great importance to nanotechnology, and has established the Northern Nano Research and Development Center with Beijing as the center and the Southern Nano Research and Development Center with Shanghai as the center. Many factories, schools, institutes, and a large number of scientists and engineers are actively involved in research and development. However, the development and promotion of nanotechnology still needs industry promotion.