Cerium wide range of applications:
(1) As a glass additive, it can absorb ultraviolet rays and infrared rays and has been widely used in automotive glass. It not only protects against UV rays, but also reduces the temperature inside the car, thus saving air conditioning power. Since 1997, Japan's auto glass has been added to yttrium oxide. In 1996, at least 2,000 tons of yttrium oxide was used for automotive glass, and about 1,000 tons in the United States.
(2) At present, it is being applied to automobile exhaust gas purification catalysts, which can effectively prevent a large amount of automobile exhaust gas from being discharged into the air. The United States consumes one-third of the total consumption of rare earths in this respect.
(3) cerium sulfide can replace lead, cadmium and other harmful to humans and the environment applied to the metallic pigment, colored plastics may also be used for paints, inks and paper industries. Currently leading is the French company Rhône Planck.
(4) Ce: LiSAF laser system is a solid-state laser developed in the United States. It can be used to probe biological weapons by monitoring the concentration of tryptophan, and it can also be used in medicine.铈The application field is very extensive, and almost all rare earth applications contain bismuth. Such as polishing powder, hydrogen storage materials, thermoelectric materials, tantalum tungsten electrodes, ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, silicon carbide abrasives, fuel cell raw materials, gasoline catalysts, some permanent magnet materials, various alloy steels and non-ferrous metals.
Element description:
Gray metal, ductile. The temperature of 799 ° C, the boiling point of 3426 ° C. Density: cubic crystal 6.76g / cm 3, a hexagonal crystal 6.66g / cm 3. The peripheral electronic layer is arranged 4f15d16s2. The first ionization energy is 5.47 eV. It is chemically active and can be burned in the air by scraping with a knife (pure bismuth is not easy to self-ignite, but it is very easy to self-ignite when it is slightly oxidized or alloyed with iron ); when heated, it burns in the air to form cerium oxide. It can react with boiling water, dissolve in acid, and insoluble in alkali. When subjected to low temperature and high pressure, a diamagnetic body appears, which is 18% denser than the ordinary form. Niobium is the most abundant metal element among rare earth elements. There are four isotopes: 136Ce, 138Ce, 140Ce, 142Ce. 142Ce is a radioactive alpha emitter with a half-life of 5 x 1015 years.
Element source:
It is mainly found in monazite and bastnasite, and also in the fission products of uranium , thorium and thorium . Often magnesium reduction powders of cerium oxide, or cerium chloride by the electrolysis of molten prepared.
Element use:
铈 can be used as a catalyst, arc electrode, special glass, etc. The alloy of niobium is resistant to high heat and can be used to make jet propeller parts. Cerium nitrate can be used to manufacture an incandescent mantles with the coal gas lamp.
Niobium is a rare earth element. Refers to rare earth element is scandium, yttrium, lanthanides, and all. Niobium and another rare earth element lanthanum are two elements of the rare earth element which are relatively abundant in the earth's crust, and thus they are first discovered in rare earth elements. Norway and Sweden on Scandinavia in northern Europe are rich in rare earth minerals, so these two elements were first discovered in the region.
The oxides of lanthanum and cerium and other oxides of rare earth elements and oxides of earth elements are difficult to reduce. It was not until 1875 that Hillbrund used the electrolytically melted cerium oxide to obtain the metal lanthanum. This is a common method of obtaining rare earth metals today. Their discovery is not only the discovery of themselves, but also the discovery of other rare earth elements. The discovery of other rare earth elements began with the discovery of these two elements. The discovery of 钇 and 铈 just opened the first door to the discovery of rare earth elements and was the first stage of discovering rare earth elements.
Latest results:
Rare earth elements have the reputation of “industrial vitamins†and are often used to develop new materials such as ferromagnetic, magnetostrictive, fluorescent, hydrogen storage and catalysts due to their special luminescent, magnetic and electrical properties. As the first rare earth element with 4f electrons, strontium is one of the research hotspots of physics and materials science. Aluminum and other similar elements form a series of aluminum alloys that play an extremely important role in everyday life. However, according to the Hume-Rothery rules, only a large number of compounds can be formed due to the large difference in atomic radius and electron chemistry of both bismuth and aluminum, but a substituted solid solution alloy cannot be formed.
Through the cooperation with the academician Mao Guangguang of Zhejiang University, the doctoral student of Zhejiang University New Structural Materials Research Center, Zeng Qiaoshi, under the guidance of the instructor Professor Jiang Jianzhong, adopts advanced high-intensity, high-precision, in-situ high-pressure synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. The technology of Ce3Al metal alloy was studied carefully. It was found that the Ce3Al crystal alloy changed from ordered intermetallic compound to solid solution alloy under the pressure of 15GPa. When the pressure reached 25GPa, the transformation of solid solution alloy was also observed in the metallic glass Ce3Al. . Through a large number of experimental measurements of X-ray diffraction and absorption spectra and theoretical calculations of first principles, they found that pressure-induced Kondo volume collapse and éž atomic 4f electron non-locality make the difference between the two atomic radii and electronegativity of yttrium aluminum The formation of a novel face-centered cubic Ce3Al solid solution alloy material is realized. It has also been found that this new solid solution alloy material remains structurally stable after pressure relief (at least 1 year).
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